What is learning theory?
- Learning is a lifelong activity
- Can be intentionally or incidentally
- A complex affair which involves a persisting change in human performance or performance potential
- Theory is then a set of laws or principles about learning
Behaviorism:
i. Pavlov classical conditioning
Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. Originators and Key Contributors: First described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), Russian physiologist, in 1903, and studied in infants by John B. Watson (1878-1958).
ii. Skinner operant conditioning
Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Thus, we can conclude that
Cognitivism:
i. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
ii. Vygotsky’s social development theory
Vygotsky believed that development is a process that should be analyzed, instead of a product to be obtained. Vygotsky believed that this life long process of development was dependent on social interaction and that social learning actually leads to cognitive development. This phenomena is called the Zone of Proximal Development . Vygotsky describes it as "the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers" (Vygotsky, 1978). In other words, a student can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboration that could not be achieved alone. The Zone of Proximal Development bridges that gap between what is known and what can be known. Vygotsky claimed that learning occurred in this zone.
iii. Information processing theory
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