Lecture for Week 3

Science consists of scientific attitudes, scientific skills and also scientific knowledge. Today’s lecture was discussing on scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge consists of facts, concepts, theories, and principle and law. Facts and concepts are quite hard to differentiate but facts are something that can’t be explain and is a single sentence.

Then, teaching theories are what we are going to learn. There are 5 theories, which are using example and non-example, use of advance organizer such as concept maps, use of images and analogies, use of various presentations such as models and symbols, and use of experiments.

i. Giving example and non-example

- Use similar concepts

- Steps:

i. Identify the concept

ii. List the characteristics of example

iii. List the characteristics of non-example

iv. Identify characteristics that differentiate the two concepts

v. Classify the characteristic

ii. Concepts map

- Consists of many details or information of that topic

- Different from mind map as mind map is more simple and concept maps is more detail

- There are severe type of concept map

i. Hierarchical concept maps

ii. Cluster concept maps

iii. Chain concept maps

- Use of concept map:

1. Teaching a topic

2. Reinforce understanding

3. Check learning and identify misconception

4. Evaluation

iii. Use of experiment

- Demonstrate the experiment and observe

- Explain to the students the concept behind the experiment

- Seeing is believing

iv. The use of analogies & images

- An analogy is a comparison between two different things in order to highlight some point of similarity

- Example:

A heart is like a pump

An eye is like camera

A kidney is like a waste filter

- An image can be said to be picture or photo

v. Models and symbol

- Symbol ~ something such as an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention

- Example: ‘+’ is plus

- Model - representation of an object

- Example